![]() ![]() Key idea: Treatments for hepatic encephalopathy include lactulose (causes NH3 –> NH4+ which is trapped in gut and will not be absorbed) and rifaximin (kills gut bacteria –> less NH3 production).Elderly man with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis who presents with altered mental status, tremors and asterixis (specific for hepatic or uremic encephalopathy), most consistent with hepatic encephalopathy.Good luck with your exams!ġ) A 68-year old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of progressive lethargy and tremors… Lastly, please check out my Youtube channel ( ) and the “Biostatistics Curriculum” option above for free videos and practice questions reviewing all the essential biostatistics topics covered on NBME exams. I also offer reasonably priced Study Guides and Personalized Study schedules, so please reach out using the Tutoring menu option or Study Guides and Personalized Study schedules menu option listed above if you would like personalized support.įurthermore, I offer personal statement and application review services for residency applicants, so please reach out using the “Residency Advising and Application Preparation” menu option above if interested. However, given multiple email requests, I will post my Venmo if you want to send a few dollars to show your support for the website. Diarthroses are joints that allow for free movement of the joint, as in synovial joints.These answer explanations are and always will be free.Amphiarthroses are joints that allow slight movement, including syndesmoses and symphyses.This includes sutures, gomphoses, and synchondroses. Synarthroses are a joints that are immovable. ![]() The functional classification divides joints into three categories: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses: Classification of Joints on the Basis of Function Knees, elbows, and shoulders are examples of synovial joints. Synovial joints are capable of the greatest movement of the three structural joint types however, the more mobile a joint, the weaker the joint. Articular capsules may also possess ligaments that hold the bones together. The ends of the bones are covered with articular cartilage, a hyaline cartilage, and the entire joint is surrounded by an articular capsule composed of connective tissue that allows movement of the joint while resisting dislocation. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement. This space is referred to as the synovial (or joint) cavity and is filled with synovial fluid. Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones (Figure 3). Either type of cartilaginous joint allows for very little movement. Symphyses are found at the joints between vertebrae. In symphyses, hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage. ![]() Synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children. In a synchondrosis, the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses. Figure 3. Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space or “synovial cavity” in the joint.Ĭartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage. ![]()
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